Lumbar Intradural Extramedullary Isolated Hemagioblastoma: A Rare Entity and Review of Literature
Article Information
Muhammad Mohsin Khan1*, Kazim Mohammed2, Javeed Iqbal2, Surya Batas1, Khaled Al-sawalmeh3, Issam Al Bozom3, Ali Raza4
1Resident neurosurgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
2Specialist neurosurgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
3Department of pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
4Senior consultant neurosurgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
*Corresponding Author: Muhammad Mohsin Khan, Resident neurosurgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Received: 03 May 2020; Accepted: 16 May 2020; Published: 04 June 2020
Citation:
Muhammad Mohsin Khan, Kazim Mohammed, Javeed Iqbal, Surya Batas, Khaled Al-sawalmeh, Issam Al Bozom, Ali Raza. Lumbar Intradural Extramedullary Isolated Hemagioblastoma: A Rare Entity and Review of Literature. Journal of Spine Research and Surgery 2 (2020): 077-084.
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The terminology “Intradural Extramedullary” is often associated with Nerve sheath tumors (schwannoma, Neurofibroma) and Meningioma, while dermoid cyst, epidermoid, neurenteric cyst are other benign entities. Hemangioblastomas are rare, accounting for 1-5% of all spinal cord tumours.1 75% of the Spinal hemangiblastoma are Intramedullary, and another 10-15% have combined intramedullary and extramedullary-intradural component, while isolated extramedullary hemangioblastoma are rare1. Our case had an isolated intradural extramedullary hemangioblastoma without any associated manifestations of VHL syndrome. Surgery is a preferred option where total resection is possible, where as SRS is also an option in case of residual or incomplete resection.
Keywords
Intradural Extrameduallary, Hemangiblastoma, VHL syndrome, MRI
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Article Details
1. Case Report
33 years old female, no chronic medical condition, presented to emergency department with the complaints of low back pain radiating to right lower limb for the past 3months with exacerbation of symptoms since 2 weeks, necessitating repeated visits to ED. She also complained of urinary retention and weak urine stream for one day prior to presentation.
1.1 Examination on admission
Patient seemed to be in distress because of pain.Power in both limbs was grossly 4+/5, numbness both LL, saddle anesthesia, lax anal tone. Deep tendon reflexes seemed to be normal. An urgent MRI revealed anIntradural mass at L3-L4 vertebral level with intense enhancementlabelled by radiologist as meningioma.
1.2 Operation
The tumor was exposed byL3 total and L4 partial Laminectomy.The tumor waswell circumscribed, highly
Vascular. Multiple blood vessel were covering the tumor.
Complete excision of intradural extramedullary lesion was achieved by microdissection.The patients recovery was uncomplicated. Post operatively she received active Physio and rehabilitation.Patient did not have any neuro deficit at discharge.
1.3 Follow up
Followed in OPD at 4 months. No neurological deficits. Screening MRI of brain and whole spine showed no evidence of any associated lesion. Other screening for VHL came out to be negative.
PRE-OP MRI :
Figure 1: A and B. A well-defined intradural mass is seen at L3-L4 disk level. It appears isointense to the spinal cord on T1WI and T2WI.
Figure 2: The lesion shows homogeneous avid post-contrast enhancement. It occupies the central part of the spinal canal more posteriorly. Adjacent linear meningeal enhancement is noted. No extension to the neural foramina detected. The anterior epidural venous plexus appears congested at L4 vertebral level on the right side.
POST-OP MRI:
Figure 3: POST –OP follow up MRI shows total resection of the Lesion.
Figure 4: Intra-operative images Showing a solitary well capsulated Red colored Lesion with surrounding vessels and attached to Nerve root.
1.4 Pathology slides
Figure 5: Light microscopic view showing richly vascular tumor (H&E X200).
Figure 6: High power view showing interstitial tumor cells with abundant vacuolated cytoplasm (green arrow) with occasional hyperchromatic nuclei (H&E X00).
Figure 7: Immunohistochemical stain for CD31 highlights the lobulated capillaries and the rich vascular network (Immunohistochemistry X100).
1.4.1 Pathological examination: Sections show a well-circumscribed lobular proliferation of closely packed variable sized capillaries (Figure 1). The capillaries are lined by bland endothelium. The interstitium between the capillaries show stromal cell proliferation with vacuolated cytoplasm and occasional hyperchromatic nuclei (Figure 2). By immunohistochemistry, the interstitial cells are focally positive with CD68 while negative with CD31, CD34, Inhibin, EMA, GFAP and S-100. The rich capillary network ishighlighted with CD34 andCD31 (Figure 3).
2. Discussion
Hemangioblastoma are benign neoplasm of the CNS and they are basically classified as meningeal lesions of uncertain origin [1, 2]. Hemangioblastomas are rare, accounting for 1-5% of all spinal cord tumours.K1 75% of the Spinal hemangioblastoma are Intramedullary, and another 10-15% have combined intramedullary and extramedullary-intradural component, while isolated Extramedullary hemangioblastoma are rareK1 and associated with Pia mater. They most frequently are localized at the level of the cervical and thoracic vertebrae [3]. On the axial plane, the epicenters of hemangioblastomas are most commonly found in the posterior aspect of the spinal cord, in the region of the dorsal root entry zone [3, 4]. Chang Hyun Park [5], in a single center study from 2003-2012, have operated on 16 cases of Spinal Hemangioblastoma out of which 12 were solitary sporadic and 4 fulfilled the criteria of VHL, and all of these were intra-medullary. Out of the 12 solitary, 7 were cervical, 4 were thoracic and one at L1/2 level. The 4 patients with VHL had multiple and all were in cervical or thoraxic region with one intramedullary at L1. This study again shows the occurrence of solitary extramedullary Lesion is a rare entity [5]. Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome is autosomal dominant disorder with incomplete penetrance that has variable manifestations, linked to loss of function and mutation in the tumor suppressor gene on Chromosome no 3. Intramedullary Hemangioblastoma are seen in 10-30 % of patients with VHL syndrome. VHL syndrome is usually manifesting itself as central nervous system hemangioblastomas, renal cysts, and renal cell carcinomas. Other lesions include retinal angiomas, pheochromocytomas, pancreatic cysts, and epididymal cystadenomas. Tumours that are rich in blood vessels grow in the neural tissue in these tumours are called hemangioblastomas. cerebellum, cervical spine is the most common location of these tumours .spinal hemangioblastoma patients tend to present with neurological symptoms And signs at a younger age, and experience multiple small lesions .these tumours are only diagnosed when they are associated with compression effect and loss of function due to mass effect on the surrounding nervous tissue. Radical advancement of hemangioblastomas from solid to cystic component. Patients usually appear with symptoms due to mass effect, most often from an enlarging peritumoral cyst. An awareness of this advancement can assist in clinical decisions concerning follow-up intervals and the timing of surgical intervention. Our review of literature shows that a haemangioblastoma is actually rare entity and it does not occur commonly in the spinal cord. According to the literature the most common location is the posterior cranial fossa [6] and the second most common location comes out to be the spinal cord followed by spinal nerves, brain stem, thalamus and pituitary stalk [7, 8]. Infact spinal cord lesions account for very small percentage of the primary tumors overall, furthermore most of the patients that come with this lesion have actually and underline pretext to it that is VHL syndrome [9]. The actual incidence of sporadic lesion is unknown, one study [10] showed 20% of the cases have sporadic lesions and in our case we also think that this is a sporadic and isolated lesion as the patient does not have any other manifestations of Von Hippel Lindau syndrome, clinically or radiologically. Literature shows that sporadic lesions present much later in life and have less neurological symptoms as compared to the other counterpart with VHL syndromepatients. Also these patients are at much higher risk of recurrence, These patients usually require a lifelong surveillance and serial imaging to rule out other lesions [11]. In patients with sporadic and isolated lesions of hemangioblastoma, only 4% of the patients have detectable mutations in the respective VHL gene, however, new literature shows that these mutations are only specific to hemangioblastoma and have lower penetrance [12]. Because of the slow growing nature of the tumor mostly patients are asymptomatic, gets symptomatic because of local compression of neurological tissue from the mass lesion, mostly associated with the Back Pain, which later on may involve sensory loss or motor loss. VHL syndrome is a genetic disorder that is autosomal dominant in nature, and it is caused by mutations of the VHL tumour suppressor gene which is a germline mutation present on little arm of the third chromosome (3p25-26). The prevalence is 1:40000 to 1:50000. VHL syndrome is usually manifesting itself as central nervous system hemangioblastomas, renal cysts, and renal cell carcinomas. Other lesions include retinal angiomas, pheochromocytomas, pancreatic cysts, and epididymal cystadenomas. Tumours that are rich in blood vessels grow in the neural tissue in these tumours are called hemangioblastomas. cerebellum, cervical spine is the most common location of these tumours .spinal hemangioblastoma patients tend to present with neurological symptoms And signs at a younger age, and experience multiple small lesions .these tumours are only diagnosed when they are associated with compression effect and loss of function due to mass effect on the surrounding nervous tissue. Radical advancement of hemangioblastomas from solid to cystic component. Patients usually appear with symptoms due to mass effect, most often from an enlarging peritumoral cyst. An awareness of this advancement can assist in clinical decisions concerning follow-up intervals and the timing of surgical intervention. Tumour resection is the mainstay of management and can be curative for patients with solitary lesions, but constant follow-up is essential due to the high frequency of mutations in these patients with these tumours and a possible risk of a new tumour. Most of the literature we encountered patients had follow up for 1 to 2 years continuously. In a study done by Sven and Frank [14], and literature review follow-up after treatment for sporadic CNS hemangioblastoma were not found in the current literature. Based upon their experience they suggested to perform a MRI scan of the involved neuronal axis at 6 and at 12-24 months in the postoperative period. These follow-up modalities are to be advanced or extended based upon clinical indication. After intervention for a VHL associated lesion, there are detailed follow-up schedules available. The literature suggests performing a yearly MRI driven craniospinal control as well as an annual ophthalmoscopy, a yearly abdominal ultrasound with triennial computed tomography (CT) imaging, a yearly audiometry and pheochromocytoma investigation by urine analysis (metanephrine – VMA) Based upon clinical indication these follow-up modalities should be advanced or extended.
3. Conclusion
Tumour resection is the mainstay of management and can be curative for patients with solitary lesions, but constant follow-up is essential due to the high frequency of mutations in these patients with these tumours and a possible risk of a new tumour. Most of the literature we encountered patients had follow up for 1 to 2 years continuously. Once considered a rare entity the actual incidence rate of isolated intradural extramedullary Hemangioblastoma still remains unknown Keeping a higher index of suspicion in mind, a thorough review of MRI can lead to higher index of diagnosis pre-operatively. Total tumor resection appears to be one of the best options of treatment.
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