The Role of Exhaled Nitric Oxide Fraction in Sarcoidosis Patients

Article Information

Suphi Aydin1,*, Aydin Balci2

1Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Departmen of Chest Surgery, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey

2Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Department of Pulmonology, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey

*Corresponding Author: Suphi Aydin, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Departmen of Chest Surgery, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey

Received: 19 November 2020; Accepted: 27 Novemberber 2020; Published: 04 December 2020

Citation: Suphi Aydın, Aydın Balcı. The Role of Exhaled Nitric Oxide Fraction in Sarcoidosis Patients. Journal of Surgery and Research 3 (2020): 445-443.

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Abstract

Nitric oxide is a molecule that has important roles in various biological processes such as apoptosis, angiogenesis and endothelial permeability and therefore its disorder plays a role in the pathogenesis of various disorders. We aimed to investigate fractional exhaled nitric oxide values in sarcoidosis, a multi-systemic non-caseified granulomatous disease that commonly affects all organs, especially the pulmonary system. A total of 107 individuals, including 54 sarcoidosis patients and 53 healthy controls were included in this study. Data were analyzed retrospectively. Gender, age, body mass index, exhaled nitric oxide fraction values, respiratory function parameters, diagnostic methods and additional disease states were recorded.

Exhaled nitric oxide fraction values in sarcoidosis patients and the control group were measured using Bedfont NObreath (UK) device, respiratory function parameters were measured using ZAN GPI.3.00 (Germany) device and the results were recorded. Sarcoidosis patients were graded as stage 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 according to chest x-ray findings. Exhaled nitric oxide fraction values detected in sarcoidosis patients and fractional exhaled nitric oxide values detected in the control group were compared. The sensitivity and specificity of exhaled nitric oxide fraction values in sarcoidosis were investigated. The relationship between respiratory function parameters and exhaled nitric oxide fraction values was examined.

There was a significant difference between the exhaled nitric oxide fraction values detected in sarcoidosis patients and the exhaled nitric oxide fraction values detected in the control group and the specificity and sensitivity of the exhaled nitric oxide fraction value was found to be high in patients with and sarcoidosis. There was no relationship between respiratory function parameters and exhaled nitric oxide fraction values. Exhaled nitric oxide fraction values, which have been studied in

Keywords

Exhaled nitric oxide fraction; Sarcoidosis; Exhalation; Lung

Exhaled nitric oxide fraction articles; Sarcoidosis articles; Exhalation articles; Lung articles

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Article Details

1. Introduction

The incidence of sarcoidosis varies according to geographic region, race and gender. It has the highest prevalence in the world with 50-60 / 100,000 in Scandinavian countries. In the United States, the prevalence of the disease is 10-40 / 100,000, 20-64 / 100,000 in northern European countries and 1.4 / 100,000 in Spain and Japan. It is more common in women than men. Sarcoidosis with two peaks between the ages of 25-35 and 45-65 [1]. Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease of unknown etiology characterized by non-caseating granulomas that can involve all organs, especially lung and mediastinal lymph nodes [2].

Although the immunopathogenesis of sarcoidosis is not fully understood, it has been shown that it is similar to other granulomatous diseases such as chronic beryllium disease. That is, some antigens enter the host and are phagocytosed by antigen presenting cells (APC), macrophages or dendritic cells. APCs process the antigen and then present it to T cell receptors on T lymphocytes from the CD41 class via human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules [3]. Giant multinucleated cells formed by epithelioid histiocytes and CD41 T lymphocytes are responsible for granuloma formation in sarcoidosis. Contributes to the formation of granulomas in fibroblasts, CD81 T lymphocytes, regulatory T cells and B lymphocytes [3].

The diagnosis is made in the presence of clinical, radiological findings and histological detection of non-caseating granulomas after excluding other granulomas and factors causing local reactions [4]. Symptoms may range from systemic symptoms such as shortness of breath, cough, chest pain, low-grade fever, fatigue, weight loss and night sweats to Lofgren's Syndrome accompanied by bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy and erythema nodosum [5]. Pulmonary sarcoidosis can be examined radiologically in five stages. Stage 0. Chest X-ray normal, Stage 1. Only hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy, Stage 2. Lymphadenopathy (LAP) and pulmonary infiltration, Stage 3. Pulmonary infiltration alone, Stage 4. Pulmonary fibrosis. Staging provides information about the prognosis of the disease[6] Pulmonary involvement is not observed in Stage 0 and Stage 1 and spontaneous remission is seen in most of them. Symptomatic treatment is given. Steroids are used in the main treatment of sarcoidosis. Immunosuppressive therapy and anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) agents can also be used in cases with severe clinical picture [7].

Fractional exhaled nitric oxide values (FeNO) were first determined 20 years ago [8] and it was observed that FeNO concentration increased in allergic diseases of the respiratory tract [9]. FeNO mostly originates from the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract contributes less [10] and NO is synthesized in the vascular endothelium from the amino acid L-arginine via the enzyme nitric oxide synthase

(NOS) in the human body. It is an unstable molecule with an average life of as short as 3-5 seconds. Due to its lipophilic property, it can easily pass through the membranes. When administered by inhalation, it easily crosses the alveolar epithelial cell barrier, stimulates the guanilyl cyclase enzyme and causes relaxation and vascular dilatation in smooth muscle cells via cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) [11]. In addition, inhaled NO may show pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory properties on the pulmonary system [12]. In patients with lung damage, NO can cause vasodilation in areas of the lung that are not well ventilated, thus increasing ventilation-perfusion mismatch and causing systemic arterial hypoxemia. Depletion of NO can lead to vasoconstriction, impaired tissue perfusion and inflammation [13].

In granulomatous lung diseases, an increase was observed in the amount of inducible NO synthase detected in the lung tissue [14]. An increase in FeNO concentration is observed in pathologies in which sarcoidosis and exogenous allergic alveolitis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis develop [15]. Also, smoking affects NO metabolism. Smokers have lower exhaled NO values than non-smokers [16].

2. Methods

For our study, 74 patients diagnosed with sarcoidosis were identified. Twenty sarcoidosis patients were excluded due to smoking. A total of 107 individuals, including 54 sarcoidosis patients and 53 healthy individuals, were included in the study. Data of patients diagnosed with sarcoidosis were retrospectively analyzed. Gender, age, body mass index, pulmonary function parameters, FeNO, diagnostic methods and additional disease states were recorded. Of the sarcoidosis patients, 3 were diagnosed with mediastinoscopy-guided biopsy, 45 with flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy-guided biopsy and 6 with clinical findings. Sarcoidosis patients were staged according to chest X-ray findings. Among the sarcoidosis patients, those with normal chest x-ray were considered as stage 0, those with hilar lymphadenopathy (LAP) as stage 1, those with hilar LAP and parenchymal involvement as stage 2, those with only parenchymal involvement as stage 3 and those with pulmonary fibrosis as stage 4.

2.1 Ethic approval

The study was conducted in accordance with good clinical practice and the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the ethics committee of Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University Medical Faculty Hospital (No: 2011- KAEK-2 2020/10).

2.2 Performing the respiratory function tests

Respiratory function tests (PFT), in the presence of 3 experienced laboratory technicians for at least 8 hours, short-acting bronchodilator and cromoline, long-acting bronchodilator and theophylline and nedocromil for at least 48 hours, leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) for at least 24 hours, at least 3-4 It was paid attention that he had not been using antihistamines for days. ZAN GPI.3.00 (Germany) device was used in the measurements. On the day of the test, they were asked to eat or not drink chocolate, tea, coffee or coke. Before the test, the patients were rested for at least 5 minutes. From the measurement results, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1 as percentage of predicted value), forced vital capacity (FVC as percentage of predicted value), FEV1 / FVC ratio (as percentage of predicted value) were used in our study.

2.3 Exhaled nitric oxide fraction measurement

For FeNO measurements, using Bedfont NObreath (England) device, different disposable mouthpieces were used for each patient and the patient was told to perform a deep inhalation first and then exhalation for 10-12 seconds and measurements were made. Measurements were made three times at intervals and 2 measurements that were identical with each other were accepted as correct and entered into the study data. In cases where different results were obtained in all 3 measurements, up to 5 measurements were made in total. The most same value was accepted as true.

In order for the measurements to be accurate, it was paid attention that the persons to be measured did not eat or drink anything at least 1 hour before the measurements and that they rinse their mouths before the measurement. Since FeNO levels were affected by smoking, attention was paid that the persons to be measured were not smoking.

2.4. Statistical analysis

Statistical evaluation was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows V 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) program. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate the distribution of continuous variables.

Continuous variables were expressed as median (minimum-maximum) if not normally distributed, and as mean ± standard deviation if normally distributed. Categorical variables were expressed as number and percentage (n (%)). Chi square test was used to compare the rates of the groups. Multiple groups (> 2) were compared with the Kruskall-Wallis test. When a statistically significant difference was detected with the Kruskall-Wallis test, Bonferroni-corrected Mann-Whitney U-test was used for post hoc analysis. Statistical significance level was accepted as p <0.05. "Reciever Operator Characteristics Curve" (ROC) analysis method was used to evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of the obtained results.

3. Results

In our study, 74 patients diagnosed with sarcoidosis were identified. 20 sarcoidosis patients were excluded from the study because of smoking. A total of 107 individuals including 54 sarcoidosis patients and 53 healthy individuals were included in the study. Of the sarcoidosis patients 39 (72.2%) were female and 15 (27.8%) were male.

In the control group 34 (64.2%) were female and 19 (35.8%) were male. The mean age was 46.5 (20-70) in sarcoidosis patients and 32 (20-48) in the control group. Body mass index (BMI) (kg / cm2) was 26.28 ± 4.88 in sarcoidosis patients and 24.69 ± 3.47 in the control group. Of the sarcoidosis patients 24 (44.4%) were stage 1, 25 (46.3%) were stage 2, 4 (7.4%) were stage 3, and 1 (1.9%) were stage 4 (Table 1).

 

Sarcoidosis (n=54)

Control (n=53)

Average

Gender

 

 

 

Female n (%)

39(%72.2)

34(%64.2)

-

Male n (%)

15(%27.8)

19(%35.8)

-

Age

46.5(20-70)

32(20-48)

37(20-70)

Height (cm)

166.44±9.14

169.24±8.84

167.83±9.06

Weight (kg)

72.57±12.89

71.13±13.36

71.85±13.09

BMI (kg/cm2)

26.28±4.88

24.69±3.47

25.49±4.29

Comorbid disease n (%)

16 (%29.6)

0

-

Sarcoidosis stage

 

 

 

Stage 1

24(%44.4)

-

-

Stage 2

25(%46.3)

-

-

Stage 3

4(%7.4)

-

-

Stage 4

1(%1.9)

-

-

BMI: Body mass index

Table 1: Demographic characteristics of the study participants.

 

Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

Stage 4

Control

Total

 

(n=24)

(n=25)

(n=4)

(n=1)

(n=53)

(n=107)

Gender

 

 

 

 

 

 

Male n (%)

8(%23.5)

5(%14.7)

2(%5.9)

0

19(%55.9)

34(%100)

Female n (%)

16(%21.9)

20(%27.4)

2(%2.7)

1(%1.4)

34(%46.6)

73(%100)

Previous steroid treatment history

6(%22.2)

16(%59.3)

4(%14.8)

1(%3.7)

0

27(%100)

n (%)

 

 

 

 

 

 

Currently taking steroid therapy

0

7(%58.3)

4(%33.3)

1(%8.3)

0

12(%100)

n (%)

 

 

 

 

 

 

Organ involvement

 

 

 

 

 

 

Heart involvement

0

0

0

1

0

1

Eye involvement

0

3

0

0

0

3

Lymph node involvement

24

25

4

1

0

54

Other

2

0

0

0

0

2

Co-morbid illness

2

12

1

1

0

16

Table 2: Characteristics of sarcoidosis patients.

6 (22.2%) of stage 1 patients, 16 (59.3%) of stage 2 patients, 4 (14.8%) of stage 3 patients, 1 (3.7%) of stage 4 patients had previously received steroid treatment. 7 (58.3%) patients in stage 2, 4 (33.3%) patients in stage 3, 1 (8.3%) patient in stage 4 were still on steroid treatment. Eye involvement due to sarcoidosis was detected in 3 patients and all patients were in stage 2. Of the patients with lymph node involvement, 24 were observed in stage 1 sarcoidosis, 25 in stage 2 sarcoidosis, 4 in stage 3 sarcoidosis, and 1 in stage 4 sarcoidosis. It was not detected in stage 3 sarcoidosis. Other system involvements such as liver and neurological system involvement were observed in 2 of the stage 1 patients. Chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases were observed in 2 patients in stage 1, 12 patients in stage 2, stage 3 and 1 patient each in stage 4 (Table 2).

Other: liver and neurological system involvement, Comorbid disease: Chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. When respiratory function parameters such as % FEV1,

FVC and % FEV1 / FVC in sarcoidosis patients were compared with the control group, the FEV1% in sarcoidosis patients was 3.03 ± 1.10 and 3.48 ± 0.75 in the control group and was statistically significant (p <0.001). When compared in FEV1 / FVC%, 80.5 (55-100) in sarcoidosis patients and 84 (60-107) in the control group were observed and statistically significant (p = 0.002). There was no significant difference in % FVC values.

FeNO values were compared between sarcoidosis patients and control group. FeNO was measured as 17.85 ± 10.72 ppb (parts per bilion) in sarcoidosis patients, while it was measured as 10.69 ± 6.05 ppb in the control group and was statistically significant (p <0.001). When the respiratory function parameters and FeNO values were compared, no correlation was observed between them.

 

Sarcoidosis (n=54)

Control Group (n=53)

Average

p value

FEV1 (LT)

3.03±1.10

3.48±0.75

3.25±0.96

P<0.001

FVC (LT)

3.30±0.95

4.18±0.94

3.73±1.04

0.882

FEV1/FVC

80.5(55-100)

84(60-107)

82(55-107)

0.002

Saturation %

93.50(87-99)

96(89-99)

95(87-99)

p<0.001

Pulse heart beat / minute

72.50(57-119)

75(58-120)

74(57-120)

0.760

FeNO (ppb)

17.85±10.72

10.69±6.05

14.30±9.40

p<0.001

FEV1: Forced Expiratory Volume in 1. Second, FVC: Forced Vital Capacity, Ppb: parts per bilion

Table 3: Comparison of sarcoidosis patients and the control group.

When the results found in sarcoidosis patients were evaluated by ROC (Reciever Operator Characteristics Curve) analysis, it was found that the sensitivity of FeNO in sarcoidosis was 64.8%, its specificity was

69.8% and the cutt of value was 12.50 Ppb. These results were found to be statistically significant (p <0.001) (Graphic 1).

fortune-biomass-feedstock

Graphic 1: The specificity and sensitivity of exhaled nitric oxide fraction in sarcoidosis.

4. Discussion

Some studies have shown that it may be useful to evaluate FeNO as a leading marker in proximal airway and / or distal airway inflammation [17]. It has also been found that the amount of NO in exhaled air increases with the increase of eosinophils in sputum in airway inflammation [16]. This suggests that NO has a role in airway inflammation. In a study by Rutgers et al., They found that NO levels in exhaled air and supernatant NO2 / NO3 levels in healthy smokers were lower than healthy non-smokers [16]. In our study, we did not include smoking patients in order not to affect FeNO values.

It has been found that the NO concentration in the lower respiratory tract in healthy people is 20 times lower than in the upper respiratory tract [18]. However, there is an increased concentration of NO in the lower respiratory tract of asthmatic patients [19]. In sarcoidosis and systemic sclerosis, together with pulmonary involvement, it was observed that NO

concentration increased in the breath of patients, but no correlation was shown with disease activity in sarcoidosis [20]. Tiev et al. Similar results were obtained by [21].

In our study, we found that the FeNO value increased significantly in sarcoidosis patients compared to the healthy control group. We found no significant difference in FeNO values between stages in sarcoidosis patients. A negative correlation was observed between the high concentration of alveolar NO and inspiratory vital capacity in the market by Schildge [22]. In our study, there was no correlation between breathing and FeNO.

5. Conclusion

Diseases in which lung parenchyma is affected, bronchoalveolar inflammation states and sarcoidosis cause changes in pulmonary NO metabolism. This is followed by an increase in FeNO levels. FeNO analysis can be used as a marker in detecting these processes.

Conflict of Interest

All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Financial Support

No financial support was received for study.

Author Contributions

All authors contributed equally.

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