Major Depression with Catatonic Features in Adolescent Remitted with Olanzapine, Sertraline and Haloperidol Decanoate

Article Information

Hesham Maged Mohammed abdelfatah

Egyptian Ministry of Health - General Secretariat for Mental Health and Addiction Treatment - El-Abbassia psychiatric Hospital, Cairo, EGYPT

*Corresponding Author: Dr. Hesham Maged Mohammed abdelfatah, Egyptian Ministry of Health - General Secretariat for Mental Health and Addiction Treatment - El-Abbassia psychiatric Hospital, Cairo, EGYPT

Received: 22 October 2021; Accepted: 01 November 2021; Published: 04 January 2022

Citation:

Hesham Maged Mohammed abdelfatah. Major Depression with Catatonic Features in Adolescent Remitted with Olanzapine, Sertraline and Haloperidol Decanoate. Journal of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Disorders 6 (2022): 001-007.

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Abstract

Catatonia is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome that's often related to psychiatric, neurological and or medical disorders. so to diagnosis of catatonia, the clinical picture must be found by three or more of the subsequent symptoms; cataplexy, waxy flexibility, stupor, agitation, mutism, negativism, posturing, mannerisms, stereotypies, grimacing, echolalia, and echopraxia. I present a case of adolescent 14-year-old Male who presented to the my private clinic with a one month history of feeling depressed, anhedonia, hopeless, helpless, and worthless, related to poor sleep, poor concentration, low energy, markedly reduced in the appetite with significant weight loss, Patient exhibited symptoms like mutism, hyper-extension of spine, clinching of jaw, psychomotor retardation which suggested diagnosis of catatonia at the background of major depressive disorder not responding to treatment described by adolescent department of mental hospital, This case report demonstrates the necessity for a high index of suspicion and early diagnosis of catatonia in psychiatric patients given the high morbidity and mortality that's related to this condition if delayed or undiagnosed.

Keywords

Major depressive disorders; Catatonia; Divorce; Adolescent; Maternal deprivation

Major depressive disorders articles; Catatonia articles; Divorce articles; Adolescent articles; Maternal deprivation articles

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Article Details

Abbreviations

CDT: Clock Drowning Test; BFCRS: Bush- Francis Catatonia Rating Scale

1. Introduction

Catatonia could be a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome that's often related to psychiatric, neurological and or medical conditions. in step with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), catatonia is characterized by three or more of the subsequent symptoms; cataplexy, waxy flexibility, stupor, agitation, mutism, negativism, posturing, mannerisms, stereotypies, grimacing, echolalia, echopraxia [1]. Historically, catatonia was related to schizophrenia and classified as a sub-type of the disorder but there's increasing evidence that catatonia can occur in patients with mood disorders, neurologic disease, and other medical conditions [2]. However, recent studies show that the prevalence of catatonia among schizophrenic patients ranges between 4% – 15% [3, 4].

Although the symptoms of catatonia are distinct, studies have shown significant under-diagnosis or missed diagnosis of this condition. during a retrospective study drained a medical inpatient unit between 2011 and 2013 using DSM-5, of the total of 133 cases satisfying the diagnosis of catatonia, 79 were undiagnosed. The study found that psychiatry consultation decreases the chances of under diagnosis, whereas agitation, grimacing or echolalia increases the chances of under-diagnosis.The prevalence of catatonia differs in several medical settings ranging from 5%-18% on inpatient psychiatric units,12% in drug-naive patients with first-episode psychosis, 3.3 on a neurology/neuropsychiatric tertiary care inpatient units, 1.6% to 1.8% on psychiatry consultation-liaison services, 8.9% in elderly patients and three.8% on treatment units [5]. It has been reported that catatonia carries a high risk of morbidity and mortality, partly thanks to failure of timely recognition and initiation of appropriate treatment [6].

Catatonia appears to be have multiple complications illustrated in Table [1] on of these complications was neuroleptic malignant syndrome, which has a death rate of roughly 10% and can be clinically difficult to differentiate from malignant catatonia [7]. Catatonia occurs frequently in acutely ill patients [8]. Some studies have also reported catatonic syndrome in children and adolescents [9]. Prompt diagnosis and adequate treatment are very crucial within the management of catatonia to avoid poor outcomes. Most times, the diagnosis of catatonia is missed because a number of the symptoms of catatonia overlap with other psychiatric disorders, and this may well be life-threatening to the patient [10]. Symptoms and syndromes that should be differentiated from catatonia include; extrapyramidal side effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, non-convulsive epilepsy, abulia, and locked-in syndrome.

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Figure 1: Medical Complications of catatonia.

2. Case Presentation

Patient is a 14-year-old Egyptian nationality, student , His father financially poor and was separated from his mother from 5 years ago and married from another woman no reported family psychiatric history? he was brought to my private clinic by his father and the stepmother. activated feeling depressed. Upon evaluation, he was poorly groomed and appeared unkempt.

Patient reported feeling depressed, anhedonia, hopeless, helpless, and worthless, associated with significant weight loss due to lack of appetite. He also reported poor sleep, poor concentration, low energy, his father reported that this symptoms appeared from two months when the patient asked to see his mother but she refused that because she married and the stepfather don't want him in his home,

Patient could not recall the exact number of weeks, the pervious psychiatric history recorded that's from 3 years ago the patient was admitted to the children psychatric unit from for stabilization During his inpatient stay, the patient continued to endorse poor appetite, low energy, depressed mood, anhedonia, feelings of hopelessness and a motivation.

There was observable psychomotor retardation. he was started on olanzapine 5 mg orally twice daily for insomnia and agitation and refused eating and sertraline 50mg once daily for depressed mood, appetite, and sleep. and there was a decision to given him ECT therapy, but due to his age 11 years at this time and he was starting to eat and spoke, the final decision after making staff consultation was continued on the medical treatment by the previous drugs only for 3 months, the symptoms disappeared gradually and he began to eat and spoke with minimal psychomotor retardation, but refused to go to school that's leading to negative effects of education achievement, and due to his  strong attachment to his Mather but in the same times there was Mather refused due to her husband, from two month ago the same attack returns but with exaggerated symptoms with worsening psychomotor retardation, depressed mood, and anhedonia. Laboratory investigation was performed which revealed evidence hypoglycemia and dehydration. The patient father attempted to internal medicine doctor that use a nasogastric tube inserted to feeding, The patient became completely mute and stared more often. He was giving haloperidol 5 mg IM injection once daily for 3 days and Sertraline 50 mg tablet once daily and olanzapine 5 mg twice daily, the appetite improved and he took his medications without clenching his teeth. He was able to mobilize independently. The haloperidol changes to the Decanoate form one's per mouth, he began to participate in activity like Praying and playing football, eating well, speaking well, elevated mood and reactive affect, partial insight and fair judgment, he was under CBT therapy including his father and his mother now he was negative for catatonia. The patient’s weight improves, his depressive symptoms had significantly improved, and his affect was brighter. It is worth noting that the patient had various specialty consultations during his inpatient stay and in his father home from Gastroenterology, Neurology, Surgical, Chest and Internal medicine, none provided a medical diagnosis. Thyroid function test, complete blood count, complete metabolic panel, lipid panel, urine toxicology screen, CT Brain and EEG and ECG was done on admission and values were within normal limits.

3. Discussion

This report described an in depth clinical course of catatonia during a patient with major major affective disorder (MDD). This patient was initially thought to own only clinical features implicative MDD in line with the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. However, his symptoms when the correct diagnosis was made was improved. This case corroborates existing scientific evidence of the high prevalence of missed, delayed or under-diagnosis of catatonia. It appears that catatonia can mask the treatment outcome if catatonia may be a component of another psychiatry diagnosis; hence improvement in other depressive symptoms couldn't be appreciated catatonia may be a component of the emotional disorder. within the psychiatric unit, catatonia is becoming increasingly related to mood disorder [11]. Overall, the study indicated that the occurrence of catatonia ranges from 5.3% to 19% within the psychiatric unit. Catatonia was revealed to be more severe within the early stages of illness, in those with prior episodes of catatonia and within the pediatric population [12].

This case report demonstrated the importance of a high index of clinical suspicion, proper physical and mental status assessment in diagnosing catatonia that's co-occurring with another psychological state. Our patient’s diagnosis was delayed and missed by both the medical and psychiatric team due to the low index of suspicion, hence was easily overlooked. Another possible reason is that the overlapping symptoms of catatonia with MDD, especially psychomotor retardation. These points to the requirement for early screening of Catatonia in high risk individuals. Diagnosing catatonia could be a major challenge for 2 parts. First, there aren't any subjective findings on laboratory or imaging studies, that the diagnosis depends solely on clinical assessments and rating scales. Second, there's nearly always an associated medical, neurological or psychiatric condition. Despite the aforementioned challenges, an in depth assessment is typically enough to create a diagnosis because it could be a clinical diagnosis. a standard finding on examination is an abnormality within the Clock Drawing Test (CDT). This may be suggestive impaired cognition in Catatonia. CDT becomes very useful in situations where complex neuropsychological evaluation is impossible [13].

Rating scales like BFCRS are used over the years for screening purposes, to quantify the severity of catatonia moreover as evaluate response to treatment [14]. There are several rating scales available for clinical use, but BFCRS is usually used because it's simple to administer and because of its reliability and validity [15]. Although the precise explanation for catatonia is unclear, changes in Gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate signaling has been postulated as a causative factor 13 Also, imaging studies in psychotic patients with hypokinetic catatonia revealed increased neural activity within the premotor areas 11. Despite the poor understanding of the etiology of catatonia, patients with this condition respond rapidly to benzodiazepine (BZD) and ECT. However, in our case where BZD is ineffective, and ECT unavailable, patients may like Typical, atypical antipsychotics, and SSRI [16, 17] MDD patients with catatonia have a remission rate of 80% in adults and 65% in children [18].

4. Conclusion

Catatonia is treatable if diagnosed early and accurately. But if left untreated, it could lead to high morbidity and mortality. Therefore, physicians must have a high index of suspicion when managing patients with features of catatonia and if possible, a psychiatrist should be consulted. Also this case study emphasizes the importance of family cohesion and the adverse effects of divorce on children which become the main stressors for children and adolescents mental illness.

Informed Consent

Patient and patients relative was informed and taken written consent from patient’s relative before initiation of case report.

Funding Details

None.

Acknowledgments

None.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declare that there is no conflict of interest.

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