Investigation of Association between microRNA Variants and Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Article Information

Irfan Ullah1, Muhammad Haseeb Tariq2, Afreenish Amir2, Amir Ikram2, Mohsin Nawaz5

1Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Pakistan

2Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Health, Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan

3Department of Microbiology, Comsats University Islamabad, Pakistan

*Corresponding author: Muhammad Haseeb Tariq, Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Health, Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Received: 20 December 2022; Accepted: 06 January 2023; Published: 23 March 2023

Citation: Irfan Ullah, Muhammad Haseeb Tariq, Afreenish Amir, Amir Ikram, Mohsin Nawaz. Investigation of Association between microRNA Variants and Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Archives of Clinical and Biomedical Research 7 (2023): 204-211.

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Abstract

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects and damages the joints of human beings. It affects other body organs, which affects 1% of the world's population, with 6 to 60 people out of 100,000 developing the disease each year. The current study aimed to investigate the impact of variants rs11614913, rs6505162, and rs3746444 located in MIR196A2, MIR423, and MIR499, respectively, in RA patients.

Methodology: These SNPs were genotyped in RA patients and age- and gender-matched healthy controls using allele-specific T-ARMS-PCR. Allelic and genotypic frequencies of each variant were noted. Furthermore, from the selected variants, the association of rs11614913 and rs6505162 variants with the risk of RA was measured using a statistical odds ratio and confidence of interval (95%).

Result: In co-dominant models, the genotypic frequency of MIR423 variant rs6505162 was in cases A/A 75(35.21%), C/C 108 (50.7%) and A/C 30 (14.08%) while in controls A/A 34(16%), C/C 94(44.1%) and A/C 85(40%). These values indicate the best relationship between C/C and A/C, which were higher in cases and found significant association according to P-value and χ2. [χ2=14.03; P value=0.0009].

Conclusion: This concludes that SNPs (rs6505162) in MIR423 are the susceptibility factors for RA in the Pakistani Population. While SNPs rs11614913 in MIR196A2 have shown no association with RA.

Keywords

Autoimmune Disorder; microRNA; Pakistan; Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Autoimmune Disorder articles; microRNA articles; Pakistan articles; Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) articles

Article Details

1. Introduction

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by severe inflammation in the joints. RA is marked by synovial inflammation and articular cartilage destruction, leading to joint deformity [1]. In 2010, RA claimed the lives of around 48,000 people worldwide. Although the exact cause of RA is unknown, several environmental and genetic variables influence progression [2]. In many auto-inflammatory disorders, the immune system plays a key role. Immune cells assault healthy joint tissues in RA, causing severe synovial inflammation [3]. The RA synovium's large cell population primarily results from invasive and native cells' deficient apoptosis [4]. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have discovered several hundred RA-associated variants. However, these recorded genetic variants only account for around 40%of the RA inheritance pattern [5]. GWAS data showed that the non-coding regions of the genome contain about 90% of disease-associated variants. This reveals the vital role of regulatory elements in the etiology of RA. Among these elements, MiRNAs are important post-transcriptional controlling molecules that regulate protein-coding genes by inhibiting protein synthesis or degrading target miRNAs. Several studies have shown the association of functional SNPs (rs11614913, rs6505162, rs3746444) in MIR196A2, MIR423, and MIR499A, respectively, with RA in different ethnic groups. Therefore, it is important to screen RA patients for the contribution of selected MiRNAs and SNPs in RA [6]. Apart from HLA genes, genome-wide investigations have indicated that numerous additional genetic risk factors are linked to the development of RA. Through genome-wide association studies (GWAS), more than 100 loci outside of HLA and SE have been found, accounting for5% of RA-linked genes [7].

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Figure 1.1: Synthesis of MiRNAs and their modification [8].

Knowing genetic causes and the changes in amino acid sequence that they cause will help determine disease incidence and seriousness, which may lead to more tailored medicine. Finding the biochemical and immunological pathways that define pathogenesis, which can then be used as a therapeutic target, is also significant [9]. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate, in-silico, the coding sequence variants of the MIR196a2 and MIR423 genes. The current study aimed to investigate the association between microRNA variants with risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis.

2. Material and Methods

A total of 426 people were chosen for this study (213 cases and 213 controls). Patients with RF levels greater than 15 u/ml and ACPA levels greater than 20μ/ml were declared positive and selected for blood collection. For DNA extraction, the Phenol-Chloroform extraction technique was used.

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Table 2.1: Composition of different chemicals used in DNA extraction.

For DNA confirmation and statistical analysis, the Agarose Gel electrophoresis (1.5%), and Nano drop were used to measure the results (ThermoFisher Nano Drop 2000, Scientific). Allele-specific T-ARMS PCR was performed for the detection of specific SNP in target samples. PCR reactions were made in the specific proportion which is described in the following Table 2.2. The Optimized condition for PCR has been given in Table 2.3.

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Table 2.2: Composition of PCR mixture.

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Table 2.3: Thermo-cycling condition for PCR.

2.1 Primers Designing

The studied genes MIR196A2 and MIR423 sequences were retrieved from dbSNP, and for our particular region primers were designed using software primer 3. The details of primers sequences and their base pair lengths are listed in the below table

S.No

Primer

Sequences

Size

1

MIR196A2

FO

RO

GAGTGACCAGGCCCCTTGTCTCTATTAG

TTGGTCTTTCACTCTCATTCTGGTGATG

297bs

FI

ATGTTTAACTCCTCTCCACGTGACCG

199bs

RI

GGGAAGCAGCACAGACTTGCTGTTAT

153bs

2

MIR423

FO

RO

GGGATGAGAAACTACGGCGACTGTATCT

TATGCCTACCCTTTTTCTGTGGCTTCTC

336bs

FI

 GCCCCTCAGTCTTGCTTCCCAC

228bs

RI

GGGGAGAAACTCAAGCGCGAGT

160bs

Table: Primers for MIR196A2 and MIR423 and their sequences.

2.2 Genotypic study of MIR196A2 rs11614913

By using Amplification Refractory Mutation System-Polymerase Chain Reaction (ARMS-PCR), The MIR196A2 gene variant rs11614913 was genotyped, by using four primers for amplifying our target portion. (Two forward primers and two reverse primers in total). 

MIR196A2-FO: GAGTGACCAGGCCCCTTGTCTCTATTAG

MIR196A2-FI: ATGTTTAACTCCTCTCCACGTGACCG

MIR196A2-RO: TTGGTCTTTCACTCTCATTCTGGTGATG

MIR196A2-RI: GGGAAGCAGCACAGACTTGCTGTTAT

2.3 Genotypic study of MIR423 rs6505162

As similar to the above gene genotyping the MIR423 gene variant rs6505162 was also genotyped by Amplification Refractory Mutation System-Polymerase Chain Reaction (T-ARMS-PCR), having four primers to amplify the target gene. (Two forward primers and two reverse primers).

MIR423-FO: GGGATGAGAAACTACGGCGACTGTATCT

MIR423-RO: GCCCCTCAGTCTTGCTTCCCAC

MIR423-FI: TATGCCTACCCTTTTTCTGTGGCTTCTC

MIR423-RI: GGGGAGAAACTCAAGCGCGAGT

2.4 Gel Electrophoresis

A thermal cycler reaction was completed followed by gel electrophoresis through which an amplified reaction was carried out for genotyping and the result was analyzed.

2.5 Statistical Analysis

Graph Pad Prism Software 6 V was used to analyze genotypic and allelic differences in cases and controls using chi-square statistics. The Odd Ratio with a 95% Confidence Interval (C.I) was also examined. Furthermore, the influence of homozygosity on the disease was investigated using homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive models. A statistically significant P value of 0.005 was used.

3. Results

3.1 Role of MIR196A2 rs11614913 T/C and MIR423 rs6505162 C/A in Rheumatoid Arthritis

The association of genotypic and allelic frequencies for the SNP variants rs6505162 A/C and rs11614913 C/T in both cases healthy and controls are shown in Table 1 and Table 2. All the genetic models were applied such as dominant, co-dominant, recessive, and additive on each variant and statistically tested. As the association of MIR196A2 rs11614913 is given below in (Table.1). Likely, the allelic frequency statistical analysis defined that there were significant changes in allele T and C frequency in both groups (OR 0.502(0.300-0.840) P<0.01 (Table 1, Figure 2). The frequency of allele T was higher in the control sample was 294 (69.01%) as compared to cases 252 (59.2%) whereas allele C frequency was 174 (40.84%) in diseased and 132 (31.6%) in healthy samples. For the association of variants rs11614913 with Rheumatoid arthritis, both homozygous models dominant (CC vs TT+TC) and recessive (CC vs TC+TT) were used (Table 1) and for the confirmation of genotyping errors, 10% of the total samples were checked again.

image

Figure 3.1: Representative Gel picture of the genotypic distribution of variants rs11614913 of healthy and diseased samples.

In figure 3.1, the uppermost lane, FO+RO, represents the outer region of the gene, which is 297 bp in size. The FO+Ri strands are T-represented strands about the size of 199 bp, and the RO+Fi represents allele C having a size of 153 bp.

image

Table 3.1: Genotypic distribution of variants rs11614913 in healthy and diseased samples.

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Table 3.2: Distribution of allelic frequency of variant rs11614913 in healthy and patients’ samples.

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Table 3.3: Homozygous dominant model association of variant rs11614913 between cases and control samples.

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Table 3.4: Homozygous recessive model association of variant rs11614913 between healthy and diseased samples.

image

Figure 3.2: Graphical analysis of the genotypic distribution of variant rs11614913.

image

Figure 3.3: Graphical analysis of the allelic frequency of variant rs11614913 between cases and control samples.

3.2 Association of Variant rs6505162 with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Healthy and Diseased Samples

According to co-dominant models, the genotypic frequency of MIR423 rs6505162 has observed in cases was A/A 75(35.21%), C/C 108(50.7%), and A/C 30 (14.08%) while in controls A/A 34 (16%), C/C 94(44.1%) and A/C 85 (40%) and found significant association [χ2=14.03; P value=0.0009]. whereas, the allelic distribution showed a higher frequency of allele A 291(68.3%) in cases while in control 222(52.11%) expression compared to allele C, which was 135 (32%) in cases and 204(48%) in controls.

image

Figure 3.4: Gel picture genotypic distribution of variant rs6505162 in cases and controls samples.

In figure 3.4, 1st and 2nd well have a heterozygous condition of AC while the 3rd well has a homozygous condition of AA and the 4th well have a homozygous CC allele.

image

Table 3.5: Association of variant rs6505162 with RA in cases and control samples.

image

Table 3.6: Distribution of Allelic frequency of variant rs6505162 in cases and healthy samples.

image

Table 3.7: Homozygous dominant model of the association between variant rs6505162 with RA in cases and controls.

image

Table 3.8: Homozygous recessive model of association variant rs6505162 with RA in healthy sample and cases.

image

Figure 3.5: Graphical presentation of genotypic frequency of MIR423 rs6505162 in cases and controls.

image

Figure 3.6: Graphical presentation of allelic frequency of MIR423 rs6505162 in Cases and controls.

3.3 Secondary Structure Prediction

MIR423 secondary Structure prediction base-pair coding probabilities with minimum free energy is (48.80 kcal/mol Allele T), and encoding MFE base-pair probabilities with minimum free energy (49.90; Allele U), and the MFE structure frequency in the ensemble is 62.63 %. For the presentation variant MIR423 alleles, a mountain plots graphical assessment of the minimal free energy diagram, the RNA thermodynamic ensemble structures, and the centroid structure was created. The stabilized lower energy level of MIR423 has the band between base A with base T that is shown in the below encircle diagram, while in a higher energy state the base T is replaced by base U, which caused the regulation, the structure of MiRNA as well as in the function of it.

image

Figure 3.7: MIR423 secondary structure prediction show the lower and higher energy state due polymorphism in its structure.

image

Figure 3.8: Mountain plot presentation of MIR423 secondary structure prediction.

4. Discussion

The current study shows that the MIR423 has a vital role in the regulation of Rheumatoid Arthritis in the Pakistani population. Using different perspectives such as family linkage studies and genome-wide association studies, scientists can discover the genetic risk factors implicated in many monogenic and polygenic diseases (GWAS). Because RA is such a complicated illness, scientists have been trying to figure out what genetic risk factors are linked to it. As we know, immune system regulation is essential in preventing a variety of pathogenic disorders, such as autoimmune disease and cancer, for that mammal has evolved a complex system of checks and balances for immune regulation to maintain self-tolerance while allowing immune responses to foreign pathogens, the majority of which are unknown. MiRNAs have recently been discovered to have a crucial function in controlling immune response and immune cell growth. Yet, only a few particular MiRNAs have been identified as significant immune system regulators [10]. The etiology of RA is diverse, including many cell types associated with the innate and adaptive immune systems. RA begins as a chronic state of cellular activity that leads to autoimmunity and immune complexes in the joints and other organs where it appears [11]. Genetic and epigenetic factors play key roles in autoimmune diseases. For the regulation of leukocyte activation, and cytokine production MiRNAs are important, which result in autoimmune disease [12]. MicroRNAs (MiRNAs) are short non-coding RNA molecules of 19–23 nucleotides in length. They suppress the expression of numerous protein-coding genes via increasing messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation or translational repression at the post-transcriptional stage. MiRNAs have a role in a variety of functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, and signal transduction. MiRNAs have a role in the development of a variety of illnesses, including cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. Changes in miRNA status and their targets may help researchers figure out which pathways are involved in the etiopathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. MiRNAs have been suggested as potential biomarkers for both the diagnosis and prognosis of autoimmune disorders [13]. In the field of autoimmune diseases, MIR196A2 and MIR423 have received a lot of attention. As the single base mutation in rs11614913 found at 3arm (3p) of MIR196a2 mature sequences was believed to dysregulate its whole function and secondary structure that may affect the expressions of its target messenger RNA. Annexin A1 (ANXA1) regulation is also directed by rs11614913 which maintains the expression and regulation of cyclooxygenase 2, phospholipase A2 and nitric oxide synthase. The change T from C accelerates the expression level of the MIR196A2 gene adversely affecting the expression of TNF-α, which works in inflammation and thrombosis [14]. Such PA2G4 expression is regulated by MIR423. PA2G4 protein levels have been observed in MIR423 mimic-or MIR423 inhibitor-treated HEC-1b cells. A research study of the Iranian population described the effect of pre-MIR196A2 variant rs11614913 change as potential causing factors of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and common lupus known as (SLE). The above study described that there was a significant increase in RA patients carrying the T Vs C allele of the pre-MIR196A2 variant rs11614913 and that the genotypic association of TC of the pre-MIR196A2 variant rs11614913 greatly reduced the chance of RA [15]. Another study was conducted in the Egyptian population to report the genetic polymorphisms of MIR196a2 rs11614913 to analyze susceptibility to RA. The valuable changes were studied in the classification of the snRNPs genotypes and their minor alleles in RA patients and healthy samples. The prevalence of MIR196A2 variant rs11614913 and their C alleles were identified as significantly increased in RA patients. Furthermore, factor X4 production is also regulated by the modification of MIR196A2. That affects DRB1 antigen regulation which is associated with the risk of RA [16]. Also, AMI patients have been studied to show that they have an increased amount of MIR423-5p. Interestingly, the amount of MIR423-5p expression has been increased in a subgroup of the same acute myocardial infarction patients after six months from the initial condition. The selected MIR196A2 and MIR423 roles have been mentioned in different population. The polymorphisms in MiRNA196A2 and MIR423 are associated with an increased risk of CAD in Korean populations. It is also investigated that MIR196A2 rs11614913 polymorphism results demonstrate significant associations with cancer and have role in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus diseases [17].

In people who smoke, the Hsa-MIR423 (rs6505162) gene has been linked with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma elevated risk [18]. According to the recent research MIR423, rs6505162 has also the prospective to become a biological marker for the analysis of several disorders such as CAD [19]. In our results, the genotype frequency of MIR423 rs6505162 in RA was observed in cases A/A 75(35.21%), C/C 108(50.7%), and A/C 30(14.08%) while in controls A/A 34(16%), C/C 94(44.1%) and A/C 85(40%). These values indicate the best relationship between C/C and A/C which were higher in cases and found significant association according to P-value and χ2. [χ2=14.03; P value=0.0009]. Whereas, the allelic distribution shows a higher frequency of allele A 291(68.3%) in cases while in control 222(52.11%) expression compare to allele C, which is 135(32%) in cases and 204(48%) in controls. The effect of the homozygous dominant model of MIR423 showed higher TT 111(52.11) in controls and in cases 93(43.66%), while TC+CC were 102(48%) looked higher compared to cases which were 90(51.1%). And homozygous recessive model showed allele CC higher in cases 54(25.35%) and in controls, 30(14.08%), and TC+CC was 159(74.64%) in cases and 183 (85.9%). The MIR423 (rs6505162) indicates this miRNA might be associated with RA risk in the Pakistani population.The miR-196a2 rsl11614913 C allele with coronary heart disease was found to increase the risk of myocardial infarction and other serious cardiovascular events. and communities in southeastern China [20]. In our results, the genotype frequency of MIR196A2 rs11614913 in RA was observed in cases T/T 93(44%), C/C 54(25%) and T/C 66 (31%) while in controls T/T 111 (52.11%), C/C 30(14.08%) and T/C 72 (34%) and found insignificant association [χ2=2.902; P value=0.23]. In Pakistani populations, the allelic distribution showed a higher frequency of allele T 294(69%) in control, while in cases 252(59.11%) expression compared to allele C, which is 174 (40%) in cases and 132(31%) in controls. The effect of the homozygous dominant model showed higher TT 111(52.11) in controls and in cases 93(43.66%), while TC+CC were 102(48%) looked higher compared to cases which were 90(51.1%). And homozygous recessive model showed allele CC higher in cases 54(25.35%) and in controls, 30 (14.08%), and TC+CC was 159(74.64%) in cases and 183 (85.9%). The increased production of interleukin has been well established in RA, as it is one of the detrimental autoimmune illnesses. In Pakistani RA patients, we discovered a link between MIR423 rs6505162 and MIR196A2 rs11614913 and RA. We looked at the impact of several models on the relationship and found that they were all positive. Although we used a limited sample size, a larger study with a larger sample set is needed to substantiate this link. If used properly, this study can aid physician’s incorrect management and therapeutic intervention.

5. Conclusions

The current study was conducted to investigate the association of MIR423 variant rs6505162 and MIR196A2 variant rs11614913 with the risk of rheumatoid arthritis patients in Pakistan. It showed the best relationship and involvement of these miRNAs regulation in a total of 213 RA patients, as the same amount of healthy samples were treated by TARMS-PCR, the finding was much interesting that the MIR423 variant rs6505162 showed significant association in the regulation of RA, using the measurement statistical tools like Odd ratio and Confidence Interval along with significant P value (0.005). The genotypic frequency and allelic frequency were measured following the Hardy-Weinberg principle using all models such as the dominant model, recessive, co-dominant model, an additive model. On the other hand, the MIR196A2 rs11614913 single base change was normal for both the healthy samples and diseased samples to show that the dysregulation of this MiRNA does not affect the regulation of Rheumatoid arthritis.

Future Recommendation

Rheumatoid arthritis is a joint disorder in human beings, while the exact pathogenicity of RA is known and increasing day by day. To overcome this issue it is important to find out all the factors involved in the cause of RA, of one it is believed that miRNAs variants have play role in the regulation of RA, the current study was conducted to find out the correlation of MIR423 variant rs6505162 and MIR196A2 variant rs11614913 with the risk of RA, it was the great achievement and addition of knowledge to the future study that the selected miRNAs showed a significant association and role in the regulation of rheumatoid arthritis in Pakistani population while the limited area of population and the number of miRNAs were selected. It would be beneficial if the size of samples, and the number of variants increased. The advanced bioinformatics tools and more specific types of PCR may help to reach the etiology of RA, the earlier stage of RA compared to the late-stage can easily be diagnosed and can be treated. The use of advanced tools like Alu PCR and Allele-specific PCR might be possible to investigate the cause of RA and the role of miRNAs.

Funding Statement

None.

Data Availability Statement

The findings of this study are available within the article.

Conflict of Interest Statement

None.

Ethics and Consent Statement

Ethics committee/IRB of University of Malakand gave ethical approval for this work.

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