Precision Medicine in Cardiology: An Evolving Understanding of Biomarkers in Coronary Artery Disease Prevention a 10-year Thematic Review

Author(s): Borges, Julian Y.V

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This systematic review summarizes the current knowledge on biomarkers in CAD prevention over the past decade.

Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for relevant studies published between 2013 and 2023. The STARD 2015 guideline criteria were used to assess diagnostic tools. The main outcome was the association between biomarkers and CAD risk.

Findings: From 2,345 articles identified, 40 met the inclusion criteria. Biomarkers studied included traditional risk factors, novel biomarkers, and imaging biomarkers. Several studies demonstrated associations between these biomarkers and increased CAD risk, independent of traditional risk factors. Multi-marker approaches showed improved accuracy in CAD risk assessment.

Interpretation: This review provides a comprehensive overview of biomarkers in CAD prevention. While traditional risk factors remain important, novel and imaging biomarkers have shown promise in improving risk stratification and guiding personalized prevention strategies. Challenges remain in translating biomarker research into clinical practice, including the need for standardized guidelines, costeffectiveness analyses, and further research on multi-marker approaches. Addressing these challenges can improve risk assessment accuracy, tailor prevention strategies, and ultimately reduce the global burden of CAD. ID PROSPERO: CRD42024564048