Treatment of Pelvic Floor Hypertonic Disorders with top Flat Magnetic Stimulation in Women with Vestibulodynia: A Pilot Study

Article Information

Andrea Biondo1, Filippo Murina2, Irene Fusco3*

1Dr. Andrea Biondo’s clinic, gynecologist, Via XX Settembre, 69, Palermo, Italy

2Lower Genital Tract Disease Unit, V. Buzzi Hospital-University of the Study of Milan, Milan, Italy

3University of Florence, Florence, Italy

*Corresponding author: Irene Fusco, University of Florence, Florence, Italy. Tel: +39 3286853105.

Received: 27 May 2022; Accepted: 09 June 2022; Published: 16 June 2022

Citation: Andrea Biondo, Filippo Murina, Irene Fusco. Treatment of Pelvic Floor Hypertonic Disorders with top Flat Magnetic Stimulation in Women with Vestibulodynia: A Pilot Study. Journal of Women’s Health and Development 5 (2022): 175-184

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Abstract

Background: Vulvodynia is a popular disease that affects around the 15% of women.

Objectives: In this study we assess the effectiveness and the safeness of a new device that uses Top Flat Magnetic Stimulation for the management of the hypertone in women with vulvodynia.

Methods: PISQ-12 questionnaire for sexual function was used for the evaluation of patient’s vulvodynia improvements. Possible side effects were examined.

Results: In all women examined, the mean score of PISQ-12 significantly decrease from 27,4 (SD 9.6) before treatment session to 15,5 (SD 7.9) after the last session (p < .001), showing an improvement in vulvodynia symptoms. No Side effects were observed.

Conclusion: On the basis of our findings this new technology seems to be able to effectively treat the hypertone condition in vulvodynia disease.

Keywords

Hypertone; Pelvic floor muscle; Top Flat Magnetic Stimulation; Vulvodynia

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Article Details

1. Introduction

Vulvodynia represents a chronic pain syndrome affecting 12-15% of women in population based epidemiological studies [1]. Vulvar pain was divided into two categories by the 2015 Consensus and Terminology and Classification of Persistent Vulvar Pain and Vulvodynia [2]. The first one comprehends vulvar pain that is caused by a specific clearly recognizable disorder (e.g., infections or vulvar dermatosis). The second one comprehends vulvar pain that lasts at least 3 months and a specific cause cannot be clearly identified. The most recurrent manifestation of the disease (about 80%) is localized provoked vulvodynia at the vestibule, known as Vestibulodynia (VBD) [3]. Women with VBD often describe vulvar pain as a dyspareunia (difficult or painful intercourse), stinging, burning, rawness and irritation. Many women with VBD affirm that the vestibular area is touch sensitive and that the pain would increase from rubbing. They define their pain as “itching”, “burning” or “hot”. The responses pattern of VBD is indicative of sensory anomalies in the form of evoked pain, such us allodynia or hyperalgesia, suggesting sensitization, a neuropathic pain underlying manifestation [4]. Moreover, the discomfort caused by VBD is always associated with muscle hyperactivity of the pelvic floor [5]. This prolonged pattern can result in dysfunctional muscle hyperactivity, a tissue perfusion reduction, and a myofascial trigger points development, resulting in radiated or localized pain and / or intense tenderness. In the development and course of VBDU, factors such as hormonal disturbances, infections, neuroinflammation, gene polymorphisms or atopic disease, which interfere with psychogenic factors and inflammation, have been associated [6]. The great difficulty in identifying any type of "gold standard" treatment for VBD is that it is probably not a disease but rather a collection of different diseases, in which the common endpoint is pelvic floor hypertonic dysfunction and vestibular hypersensitivity. In case of nonresponses’ patients at the beginning of the treatment, a team of different health professionals, such as gynaecologists, physiotherapists and / or psychologists, dermatologists or sex therapists, may be needed to treat the complicated aspects of vulvodynia [7]. The recommended guidelines for the treatment of vulvodynia are mainly based on a restricted number of placebo-controlled Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs), case series and expert opinion. A phased approach of modalities that address neural sensitization, pelvic floor dysfunction and psychosexual wholesomeness is suggested for the treatment of vulvodynia. There is significant evidence that Pelvic Floor Muscle (PFM) disorder is a relevant target of VBD treatment. Pelvic Floor Physical Therapy (PFPT) is able to improve proprioception, relaxation and muscle tone, aiming to rehabilitate the pelvic floor muscles. PFPT includes various techniques which can be provided alone or in combination; Among these manual therapy and EMG biofeedback represent the most common. A coherent effectiveness of PFPT was found in a systematic review concerning the treatment of VBD, which reveal in 71–80% of women, a significant improvement in pain. Notwithstanding, many patients can have some difficulties to apply PFPT for the severe introital pain, at least in the initial stages of treatment. Over the last few years, magnetic stimulation has been studied as an alternative treatment to electrical stimulation for urological diseases, clinical neuro-diagnostic applications and for the pelvic floor muscle Strengthening/ Pain/ Hypertonia as a safe and non-invasive method for chronic pelvic pain syndrome [9-14]. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness and the safeness of a new device that uses Top Flat Magnetic Stimulation for vulvodynia management.

2. Materials and Methods

Subjects were suitable for this study if they were at least 18 years of age and with a VBD and moderate /severe hypertonic pelvic floor dysfunction diagnosis. The hypertonic pelvic floor diagnosis needed to be established by a physical exam documenting hypertonus of the levator ani complex by an experienced examiner. Furthermore, suitable individuals did not exhibit any other specific neurological diseases, pelvic organ prolapses, genital infections and were not in pregnancy or in menopausal status. Persons with pacemakers or metal implants were also excluded. All patients released a written informed consent and Institutional Review Board approval for the study was obtained. Procedures were performed using a non-invasive electromagnetic therapeutic device (DR ARNOLD, DEKA M.E.L.A. Calenzano, Italy) equipped with a main unit and a chair applicator planned for deep pelvic floor area therapy. DR ARNOLD can generate an electromagnetic field with a homogenous profile (TOP FMS-TOP Flat Magnetic Stimulation) optimised for the stimulation of pelvic area. At the initial stages of treatment, before each session, a gynaecologist or a trained operator set and adjusted the patient's position; patient's perineum is positioned in the center of the seat where the coil is placed to ensure a proper intensity of stimulation and to achieve a muscle contractions uniform distribution. With the use of subject device, the muscle work at the same intensity in all the area considered. A correct patient’s chair positioning is a key treatment aspect: first, it ensures patient comfort during the long-term treatment session and secondly, it allows the electromagnetic field to be centred on the patient's perineum. As showed in Figure 1, patient’s legs are perpendicularly flexed, thighs are parallel to the floor and feet are flat on the ground. According to the purposes of the treatment, the subject system is equipped with protocols for the hypertone reduction, which use mild stimulations (low frequency around 10 Hz) or high intensity and higher frequency contractions in order to improve patient’s pelvic floor tone. The intensities used during each treatment sessions reached up to 55-60%. All patients underwent to a total of 10 treatments with DR ARNOLD system. Sessions were performed twice a week for 5 consecutive weeks; each session lasted 28 minutes depending on the patient’s muscular condition. During the first couple of minutes all patients underwent a warm-up phase and the Overtone/Pain protocol (muscle work aimed to muscle inhibition a reduction of pain) was selected. Data were gathered at baseline and 45 days after the last treatment session. VBD was evaluated using the Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Function Questionnaire (PISQ-12) [15] (see Appendix A). The PISQ-12 is a short-form of the PISQ-31 measure [16] and represents a measure of sexual function. The three domains of the PISQ-12 are: behavioural-emotive (items 1-4), physical (items 5-9) and partner-related (items 10-12). Answers are rated on a five-point Likert scale that range from 0 (always) to 4 (never) [17]; higher scores indicate improved sexual function. In this study PISQ-12’s questions number 7 and 8 were excluded as they concern urinary incontinence and prolapse of the genital organs which are included in the study exclusion criteria. For statistical analyses SPSS (IBM Corp., New York, USA) was used. Student t test was used for descriptive statistical analysis (means and ±SDs). A p< .05 is significant.

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Figure 1: Representation of the correct patient’s position on DR ARNOLD’s chair. Courtesy of DEKA M.E.L.A company.

Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Function Questionnaire (PISQ-12)

Questions

Response options

Q1. How frequently do you feel sexual desire? This feeling may include wanting to have sex, planning to have sex feeling frustrated due to lack of sex, etc.

0= Always

1= Usually

2= Sometimes

3= Seldom

4= Never

Q2. Do you climax (have an orgasm) when having sexual intercourse with your partner?

0= Always

1= Usually

2= Sometimes

3= Seldom

4= Never

Q3. Do you feel sexually excited (turned on) when having sexual activity with your partner?

0= Always

1= Usually

2= Sometimes

3= Seldom

4= Never

Q4. How satisfied are you with the variety of sexual activities in your current sex life?

0= Always

1= Usually

2= Sometimes

3= Seldom

4= Never

Q5. Do you feel pain during sexual intercourse?

0= Always

1= Usually

2= Sometimes

3= Seldom

4= Never

Q6. Are you incontinent of urine (leak urine) with sexual activity?

0= Always

1= Usually

2= Sometimes

3= Seldom

4= Never

Q7. Does fear of incontinence (either stool or urine) restrict your sexual activity?

0= Always

1= Usually

2= Sometimes

3= Seldom

4= Never

Q8. Do you avoid sexual intercourse because of bulging in the vagina (either the bladder,rectum or vagina falling out?)?

0= Always

1= Usually

2= Sometimes

3= Seldom

4= Never

Q9. When you have sex with your partner, do you have negative emotional reactions such as fear, disgust, shame or guilt?

0= Always

1= Usually

2= Sometimes

3= Seldom

4= Never

Q10. Does your partner have a problem with erections that affects your sexual activity?

0= Always

1= Usually

2= Sometimes

3= Seldom

4= Never

Q11. Does your partner have a problem with premature ejaculation that affects your sexual activity?

0= Always

1= Usually

2= Sometimes

3= Seldom

4= Never

Q12. Compared to orgasms you have had in the past, how intense are the orgasms you have had in the past six months?

0= Much less intense

1= Less intense

2= Same Intensity

3= More intense

4= Much more intense

Appendix A

3. Results

Of 34 women meeting the inclusion criteria of the study (age mean 38.3 ± 11.9 years), all agreed to participate in the study, and no patients were lost to follow-up. Subjects showed PISQ-12 mean values significantly lower than the controls (p <.001). In all patients examined, the mean score of PISQ-12 significantly decrease from 27.4 (SD ±9.6) at baseline to 15.5 (SD 7.9), 45 days after the last treatment session (Table 1 and Figure 2).

 

Before Mean ±SD

Post Mean ±SD

Significance

PISQ-12 Mean Score

27.4±9.6

15.5±7.9

p<0,001

Table 1: Mean score of PISQ-12 evaluated before any treatment session and at 45 days after the last treatment session.

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Figure 2: Histogram representation of PISQ-12 mean score evaluated before any treatment session and at 45 days after the last treatment session.

PISQ-12 domains

Before

Post

Mean ±SD

Mean ±SD

Behavioral-emotive (items 1-4)

10.4±4.6

5.9±3.8

Physical (items 5-9)

12.4±3.9

6.5±3.1

Partner-Related (items 10-12)

4.6±1.9

3.1±1.7

Table 2: Mean score of PISQ-12 three domains: behavioral-emotive (items 1 – 4), physical (items 5– 9) and partner-related (items 10 – 12), evaluated before any treatment session and at 45 days after the last treatment session.

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Figure 3: Histogram representation of PISQ-12 three domains: behavioral-emotive (items 1-4), physical (items 5-9) and partner-related (items 10-12), evaluated before any treatment session and at 45 days after the last treatment session.

As shown in Table 2 and Figure 3, each mean score variations of PISQ-12’s domains, evaluated before any treatment session and 45 days after the last treatment session, showed interesting and promising results: behavioral-emotive domain mean score decreases from 10.4 (SD 4.6) to 5.9 (SD 3.8), physical domain mean score decreases from 12.4 (SD 3.9) to 6.5 (SD 3.1), while partner-Related domain mean score decreases from 4.6 (SD ±1.9) to 3.1 (SD ±1.7). No adverse effects related to the treatment were observed.

4. Discussion

For all study subjects treated with electromagnetic therapeutic device DR ARNOLD, we observed that patients reported significantly improvement of vulvar pain as resulting of PISQ-12’s domains changes. The magnetic stimulator technology works by exerting a deep stimulation of the pelvic floor musculature and a recovery of neuromuscular control18. According to the scientific literature19-26 this technology can safely and effectively treat stress, urge and mixed urinary incontinence by pelvic floor muscle strengthening in a variety of patients. The device used in our study has also a specific protocol for muscle hypertonicity, making it suitable for the pelvic floor muscle dysfunction, with increased tone and difficulty in controlling and contracting the muscles that characterize the patients with VBD. Indeed, the overtone/pain protocol for hypertonic management uses lower frequencies (around 10 Hz) creating a homogeneous distribution of the electromagnetic field that does not create regions of different stimulation intensity avoiding an overstimulation of the already hypersensitive receptors and sensory nerves typical of vulvodynia condition. Another strength of this technology lies in the gradually increasing intensity of the electromagnetic fields and in the frequency of the impulses, which translate into a unique feature of the contractions. The goal of PFPT is to rehabilitate the correct function of tissues and the PFM, leading to a reduction of neural tension and vulvovaginal pain. In some instances, there is an improvement of patient’s sexual function. Many studies suggest a global multimode approach to PFPT, including the manual (stretching, massage, and myofascial trigger points) and assisted therapies (e.g. electromyographic biofeedback and vaginal dilators). Several studies show that greater number of women report significant intercourse pain improvements and sexual functioning following of multimodal PFPT. However, these approaches are operator-dependent and can be time-consuming with a potential limited compliance for many patients. For the above reasons, compared to the panorama of devices for the pelvic floor rehabilitation, our device introduces some important advantages: to stimulate the muscles, it does not need the use of a probe and thanks to the progressively proper emission of supplied energy, it allows patients to remain fully clothed in an ergonomic and comfortable seat. Finally, DR ARNOLD may be defined as an "educator" system as it makes the patient perceive the relaxation of the muscles involved in the treatment, making them acquire a greater awareness and autonomy to choose when to repeat the next treatment session. This new technology can also be combined with other pharmacological or physical methods [27]. Our future goal will be to increase the number of patient’s to better validate this innovative and non-invasive treatment modality for difficult pathologies such as that of vulvodynia. While the results of this study appear promising, it has several limitations. Firstly, the study was not controlled therefore introducing bias. Further limitations include the small patient numbers studied, and the relatively short duration of the follow-up of 45 days. Based on our findings this new technology seems to be able to effectively treat the PFM hypertonic dysfunction in VBD with a therapeutic program that must be personalized for each patient.

Funding

no external funding was provided.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

Data that support the study findings are available on request from the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

no conflict of interest to declare.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, F.M.; methodology, A.B; software, A.B; validation, A.B and F.M; formal analysis, A.B; investigation, F.M and A.B; resources, A.B; data curation, I.F and F.M; writing—original draft preparation, F.M.; writing-review and editing, F.M and I.F; visualization, A.B, I.F and F.M.; supervision, A.B, F.M and I.F ; project administration A.B ; funding acquisition, A.B; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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